{"id":18915,"date":"2024-07-23T09:07:17","date_gmt":"2024-07-23T09:07:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/conoscenza\/origine-del-cacao\/cacao-tolteco\/"},"modified":"2026-03-04T21:32:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T21:32:24","slug":"cacao-tolteco","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/it\/conoscenza\/origine-del-cacao\/cacao-tolteco\/","title":{"rendered":"Cacao Tolteco"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cacao Tolteco<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>I Toltechi erano una civilt\u00e0 mesoamericana sviluppatasi nella regione della Valle del Mezquital, (l&#8217;attuale stato messicano di Hidalgo), tra il IX e il XIII secolo, durante il primo periodo postclassico. Di origine Chichimeca (nome generico che i popoli Mexica e Nahua del Messico centro-meridionale avevano dato a questi abitanti del nord e dell&#8217;ovest.)<\/p>\n<p>La maggior parte di ci\u00f2 che sappiamo sui Toltechi proviene dai Mexica e dai testi postcoloniali che documentano le tradizioni orali. Erano una societ\u00e0 militarizzata e ottimi commercianti.<\/p>\n<p>Grazie alla loro grande potenza militare, si espansero rapidamente: occuparono la citt\u00e0 di Teotihuac\u00e1n e si imposero sui centri abitati della regione. Successivamente si stabilirono nella citt\u00e0 di Tollan-Xicocotitlan, l&#8217;attuale Tula.<\/p>\n<p>I Toltechi erano contemporanei dell&#8217;Impero Mexica. Quando le civilt\u00e0 Maya e Teotihuacan videro il loro declino, i Toltechi si diffusero nell&#8217;altopiano centrale durante i periodi classico e postclassico (800 d.C. \u2013 1200 d.C.).<\/p>\n<p>Il potere della cultura tolteca si basava sulla grande diversit\u00e0 agraria proveniente dai suoi diversi territori: i raccolti erano vari e la riscossione delle tasse divenne il sostegno della sua economia. Padroneggiavano la metallurgia e la ceramica.<\/p>\n<p>Avevano una grande abilit\u00e0 nell&#8217;artigianato, eccellendo nella scultura in pietra. Caratteristiche sono le sculture monumentali di guerrieri e capi militari, in particolare i cosiddetti &#8220;Atlantidei&#8221; nel centro cerimoniale di Tula.<\/p>\n<p>I loro dei erano presi dalla cultura di Teotihuacan, venivano offerti insieme a sacrifici umani, per i quali venivano generalmente utilizzati i prigionieri di guerra.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1909131980\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-600x338.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-247x139.jpeg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-510x287.jpeg 510w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1909131980 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1157588124\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1157588124 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>La leggenda dell&#8217;origine del cacao: i Toltechi<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Il Tonal\u00e1matl, il libro dei presagi dei sacerdoti della dea Xochiquetzal, racconta la leggenda dell&#8217;origine del cacao.<\/p>\n<p>Il Codice Tonal\u00e1matl \u00e8 un codice pittorico che gli stregoni Mexica usavano come base per i rituali. Si tratta di un calendario di 260 giorni (la gestazione di un bambino) in cui vale la pena evidenziare il numero di volte in cui il cacao appare rappresentato, sia come pianta, chicco o baccello. Nella prima pagina del codice, ad esempio, \u00e8 rappresentato l&#8217;Universo, con le sue quattro direzioni custodite ciascuna da un albero sacro. Nella parte centrale c&#8217;\u00e8 il dio del fuoco, Xiuhtecuhtli.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;albero del cacao \u00e8 quello che custodisce il Sud, e a loro volta due divinit\u00e0 lo proteggono: Cenotl, il dio del mais, e Mictlantecuhtli, il dio dei morti. Per le culture mesoamericane il mais rappresenta la vita, quindi in qualche modo il cacao viene rappresentato come un anello di congiunzione tra questi due mondi.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_79365944\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-600x388.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-768x497.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-247x160.webp 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-510x330.webp 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_79365944 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1434854972\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1434854972 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>Gli dei, compatiti per le difficolt\u00e0 del popolo Tolteco, decisero che uno di loro sarebbe sceso sulla terra per istruirli nelle scienze e nelle arti. Quetzalcoatl, (il dio del serpente piumato) prov\u00f2 un grande interesse per i Toltechi, cos\u00ec prese forma umana e discese su Tollan come un raggio della stella del mattino.<\/p>\n<p>Gli abitanti della citt\u00e0, uomini buoni e laboriosi, rimasero stupiti dal suo aspetto. Insieme a lui, Tl\u00e1loc, il proprietario delle piogge, donatore di vita e proprietario delle anime separate dai corpi, e Xochiquetzal, dea della gioia e dell&#8217;amore, moglie di Tl\u00e1loc, vennero e insegnarono al popolo Tolteco la loro conoscenza.<\/p>\n<p>Quetzalcoatl regal\u00f2 anche una pianta che aveva rubato agli dei, che la custodirono gelosamente. Era un piccolo cespuglio con fiori rossi e frutti scuri, con il quale gli dei preparavano una bevanda esclusiva degli dei.<\/p>\n<p>Il dio piant\u00f2 il piccolo cespuglio nei campi di Tula e chiese a Tl\u00e1loc di nutrirlo con la pioggia e a Xochiquetzal di decorarlo con fiori. L&#8217;albero diede i suoi frutti e Quetzalcoatl raccolse i baccelli, arrost\u00ec il frutto e insegn\u00f2 alle donne a macinarlo e mescolarlo con l&#8217;acqua per creare la bevanda divina.<\/p>\n<p>Secondo la leggenda, i Toltechi avevano quattro tipi di cacao: cauhcacahuatl, mecacahuatl e xochicacahuatl erano variet\u00e0 usate come moneta, e tlalcacahuatl era quello che tostavano.<\/p>\n<p>Grazie a questi doni i Toltechi divennero un popolo ricco, saggio e felice. Gli dei, quando seppero che gli uomini bevevano la bevanda di cacao che era stata loro rubata, mandarono Tezcatlipoca, dio della notte e dell&#8217;oscurit\u00e0, a inebriare Quetzalc\u00f3atl con l&#8217;alcol per svergognarlo.<\/p>\n<p>Quando Quetzalcoatl si svegli\u00f2 dalla sonnolenza, decise di partire e, approfittando di un raggio di luce della stella della sera, torn\u00f2 a casa sua con gli altri dei, ma promise di ritornare.<\/p>\n\n  \n    <div class=\"row large-columns-4 medium-columns-3 small-columns-2\" >\n  <div class=\"gallery-col col\" >\n          <div class=\"col-inner\">\n            <a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" title=\"\">            <div class=\"box has-hover gallery-box box-overlay dark\">\n              <div class=\"box-image image-cover\" style=\"padding-top:100%;\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" 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