{"id":18906,"date":"2024-07-23T08:44:12","date_gmt":"2024-07-23T08:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/kennis\/cacao-oorsprong\/tolteekse-cacao\/"},"modified":"2026-03-04T21:32:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T21:32:45","slug":"tolteekse-cacao","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/nl\/kennis\/cacao-oorsprong\/tolteekse-cacao\/","title":{"rendered":"Tolteekse cacao"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tolteekse cacao<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>De Tolteken waren een Meso-Amerikaanse beschaving die zich ontwikkelde in de regio Mezquital Valley (de huidige Mexicaanse staat Hidalgo), tussen de 9e en 13e eeuw, tijdens de vroege postklassieke periode. Van Chichimeca-oorsprong (generieke naam die de Mexica- en Nahua-volkeren van Centraal-Zuid-Mexico aan deze inwoners van het noorden en westen hadden gegeven.)<\/p>\n<p>Het meeste van wat we weten over de Tolteken komt uit de Mexica en postkoloniale teksten die mondelinge tradities documenteren. Ze waren een gemilitariseerde samenleving en zeer goede kooplieden.<\/p>\n<p>Dankzij hun grote militaire macht breidden ze zich snel uit: ze bezetten de stad Teotihuac\u00e1n en drongen zich op aan de steden in de regio. Later vestigden ze zich in de stad Tollan-Xicocotitlan, het huidige Tula.<\/p>\n<p>De Tolteken waren tijdgenoten van het Mexica-rijk. Toen de Maya- en Teotihuacan-beschavingen hun verval zagen, verspreidden de Tolteken zich over het centrale plateau tijdens de klassieke en postklassieke perioden (800 n.Chr. \u2013 1200 n.Chr.).<\/p>\n<p>De kracht van de Tolteekse cultuur was gebaseerd op de grote agrarische diversiteit die uit de verschillende gebieden kwam: de gewassen waren gevarieerd en het innen van belastingen werd de steun van de economie. Ze beheersten de metallurgie en keramiek.<\/p>\n<p>Ze hadden een grote vaardigheid in vakmanschap en excelleerden in het beeldhouwen in steen. Kenmerkend zijn de monumentale sculpturen van krijgers en militaire leiders, vooral de zogenaamde &#8220;Atlanti\u00ebrs&#8221; in het ceremoni\u00eble centrum van Tula.<\/p>\n<p>Hun goden waren ontleend aan de Teotihuacan-cultuur, ze werden geofferd met mensenoffers, waarvoor doorgaans krijgsgevangenen werden gebruikt.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1519625249\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-600x338.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-247x139.jpeg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-510x287.jpeg 510w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1519625249 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1067291630\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1067291630 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>De legende van de oorsprong van cacao: Tolteken<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>De Tonal\u00e1matl, het boek met voortekenen van de priesters van de godin Xochiquetzal, vertelt de legende van de oorsprong van cacao.<\/p>\n<p>De Tonal\u00e1matl Codex is een picturale codex die Mexica-tovenaars gebruikten als basis voor rituelen. Het is een kalender van 260 dagen (de zwangerschap van een baby) waarin het de moeite waard is om te benadrukken hoe vaak cacao voorkomt, of het nu gaat om een \u200b\u200bplant, graan of peul. Op de eerste pagina van de codex staat bijvoorbeeld een afbeelding van het heelal, met zijn vier richtingen, elk bewaakt door een heilige boom. In het centrale deel staat de god van het vuur, Xiuhtecuhtli.<\/p>\n<p>De cacaoboom is degene die het Zuiden bewaakt, en op zijn beurt beschermen twee goden het: Cenotl, de god van de ma\u00efs, en Mictlantecuhtli, de god van de doden. Voor Meso-Amerikaanse culturen vertegenwoordigt ma\u00efs het leven, dus cacao wordt op de een of andere manier voorgesteld als een schakel tussen deze twee werelden.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_167243996\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-600x388.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-768x497.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-247x160.webp 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-510x330.webp 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_167243996 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1935758866\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1935758866 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>De goden hadden medelijden met de ontberingen van het Tolteekse volk en besloten dat een van hen naar de aarde zou komen om hen te onderwijzen in de wetenschappen en kunsten. Quetzalcoatl (de god van de gevederde slang) voelde grote belangstelling voor de Tolteken, dus nam hij de menselijke vorm aan en daalde op Tollan neer als een straal van de morgenster.<\/p>\n<p>De inwoners van de stad, goede en hardwerkende mannen, waren verbaasd over zijn uiterlijk. Samen met hem kwamen Tl\u00e1loc, de eigenaar van de regen, gever van leven en eigenaar van zielen gescheiden van lichamen, en Xochiquetzal, godin van vreugde en liefde, vrouw van Tl\u00e1loc, en leerden het Tolteekse volk hun kennis.<\/p>\n<p>Quetzalcoatl gaf ook een plant die hij had gestolen van de goden, die hem angstvallig bewaakten. Het was een kleine struik met rode bloemen en donkere vruchten, waarmee de goden een exclusief voor de goden bestemd drankje bereidden.<\/p>\n<p>De god plantte de kleine struik in de velden van Tula en vroeg Tl\u00e1loc om hem te voeden met regen en Xochiquetzal om hem met bloemen te versieren. De boom bracht vruchten voort en Quetzalcoatl verzamelde de peulen, roosterde de vruchten en leerde de vrouwen het te malen en met water te mengen om de goddelijke drank te cre\u00ebren.<\/p>\n<p>Volgens de legende hadden de Tolteken vier soorten cacao: cauhcacahuatl, mecacahuatl en xochicacahuatl waren vari\u00ebteiten die als betaalmiddel werden gebruikt, en tlalcacahuatl was degene die ze roosterden.<\/p>\n<p>Dankzij deze geschenken werden de Tolteken een rijk, wijs en gelukkig volk. Toen de goden hoorden dat mannen de cacaodrank dronken die van hen was gestolen, stuurden ze Tezcatlipoca, de god van de nacht en de duisternis, om Quetzalc\u00f3atl te bedwelmen met alcohol om hem te schande te maken.<\/p>\n<p>Toen Quetzalcoatl wakker werd uit zijn slaperigheid, besloot hij te vertrekken en, gebruikmakend van een lichtstraal van de avondster, keerde hij terug naar zijn huis met de andere goden, maar hij beloofde terug te komen.<\/p>\n\n  \n    <div class=\"row large-columns-4 medium-columns-3 small-columns-2\" >\n  <div class=\"gallery-col col\" >\n          <div class=\"col-inner\">\n            <a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" title=\"\">            <div class=\"box has-hover gallery-box box-overlay dark\">\n              <div class=\"box-image image-cover\" style=\"padding-top:100%;\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" 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