{"id":18918,"date":"2024-07-23T09:09:32","date_gmt":"2024-07-23T09:09:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wiedza\/pochodzenie-kakao\/kakao-toltekow\/"},"modified":"2026-03-04T21:33:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T21:33:20","slug":"kakao-toltekow","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/pl\/wiedza\/pochodzenie-kakao\/kakao-toltekow\/","title":{"rendered":"kakao Toltek\u00f3w"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>kakao Toltek\u00f3w<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Toltekowie byli cywilizacj\u0105 mezoameryka\u0144sk\u0105, kt\u00f3ra rozwin\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 w regionie Mezquital Valley (obecny meksyka\u0144ski stan Hidalgo) mi\u0119dzy IX a XIII wiekiem, we wczesnym okresie postklasycznym. Pochodzenia Chichimeca (nazwa rodzajowa, kt\u00f3r\u0105 ludy Mexica i Nahua ze \u015brodkowo-po\u0142udniowego Meksyku nadali mieszka\u0144com p\u00f3\u0142nocy i zachodu).<\/p>\n<p>Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 tego, co wiemy o Toltekach, pochodzi z Meksyku i tekst\u00f3w postkolonialnych dokumentuj\u0105cych tradycje ustne. Byli spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwem zmilitaryzowanym i bardzo dobrymi kupcami.<\/p>\n<p>Dzi\u0119ki swojej wielkiej pot\u0119dze militarnej szybko si\u0119 rozwin\u0119li: zaj\u0119li miasto Teotihuac\u00e1n i narzucili miasta regionu. P\u00f3\u017aniej osiedlili si\u0119 w mie\u015bcie Tollan-Xicocotitlan, obecna Tula.<\/p>\n<p>Toltekowie byli wsp\u00f3\u0142cze\u015bni Imperium Meksyka\u0144skiemu. Kiedy cywilizacje Maj\u00f3w i Teotihuacan do\u015bwiadczy\u0142y upadku, lud Toltek\u00f3w rozprzestrzeni\u0142 si\u0119 na centralnym p\u0142askowy\u017cu w okresie klasycznym i postklasycznym (800\u20131200 ne).<\/p>\n<p>Si\u0142a kultury Toltek\u00f3w opiera\u0142a si\u0119 na wielkiej r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015bci agrarnej pochodz\u0105cej z r\u00f3\u017cnych terytori\u00f3w: plony by\u0142y zr\u00f3\u017cnicowane, a pob\u00f3r podatk\u00f3w sta\u0142 si\u0119 wsparciem dla gospodarki. Opanowali metalurgi\u0119 i ceramik\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Posiadali du\u017ce umiej\u0119tno\u015bci rzemie\u015blnicze, specjalizowali si\u0119 w rze\u017abieniu w kamieniu. Charakterystyczne s\u0105 monumentalne rze\u017aby wojownik\u00f3w i dow\u00f3dc\u00f3w wojskowych, zw\u0142aszcza tzw. \u201eAtlant\u00f3w\u201d w ceremonialnym centrum Tu\u0142y.<\/p>\n<p>Ich bogowie zostali zaczerpni\u0119ci z kultury Teotihuacan, sk\u0142adano im ofiary z ludzi, do czego powszechnie wykorzystywano je\u0144c\u00f3w wojennych.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_209669732\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-600x338.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-247x139.jpeg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-510x287.jpeg 510w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_209669732 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-2049444306\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-2049444306 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Legenda o pochodzeniu kakao: Toltekowie<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Tonal\u00e1matl, ksi\u0119ga wr\u00f3\u017cb kap\u0142an\u00f3w bogini Xochiquetzal, opowiada legend\u0119 o pochodzeniu kakao.<\/p>\n<p>Kodeks Tonal\u00e1matl to obrazkowy kodeks u\u017cywany przez meksyka\u0144skich czarownik\u00f3w jako podstawa rytua\u0142\u00f3w. Jest to 260-dniowy kalendarz (ci\u0105\u017ca dziecka), w kt\u00f3rym warto podkre\u015bli\u0107, ile razy kakao pojawia si\u0119 jako ro\u015blina, ziarno czy str\u0105k. Na przyk\u0142ad na pierwszej stronie kodeksu znajduje si\u0119 przedstawienie Wszech\u015bwiata z jego czterema kierunkami, z kt\u00f3rych ka\u017cdy jest strze\u017cony przez \u015bwi\u0119te drzewo. W centralnej cz\u0119\u015bci znajduje si\u0119 b\u00f3g ognia, Xiuhtecuhtli.<\/p>\n<p>Drzewo kakaowe strze\u017ce Po\u0142udnia i z kolei strze\u017ce go dw\u00f3ch bog\u00f3w: Cenotl, b\u00f3g kukurydzy i Mictlantecuhtli, b\u00f3g umar\u0142ych. W kulturach mezoameryka\u0144skich kukurydza reprezentuje \u017cycie, wi\u0119c w pewnym sensie kakao jest przedstawiane jako \u0142\u0105cznik mi\u0119dzy tymi dwoma \u015bwiatami.<\/p>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1061687132\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-600x388.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-768x497.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-247x160.webp 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas4-510x330.webp 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1061687132 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-733843491\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-733843491 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>Bogowie, lituj\u0105c si\u0119 nad trudami ludu Toltek\u00f3w, zdecydowali, \u017ce jeden z nich zejdzie na ziemi\u0119, aby uczy\u0107 ich nauk \u015bcis\u0142ych i sztuk. Quetzalcoatl (b\u00f3g pierzastego w\u0119\u017ca) bardzo zainteresowa\u0142 si\u0119 Toltekami, wi\u0119c przybra\u0142 ludzk\u0105 posta\u0107 i zst\u0105pi\u0142 na Tollan niczym promie\u0144 gwiazdy porannej.<\/p>\n<p>Mieszka\u0144cy miasta, ludzie dobrzy i pracowici, byli zdumieni jego wygl\u0105dem. Wraz z nim przybyli Tl\u00e1loc, w\u0142a\u015bcicielka deszcz\u00f3w, dawczyni \u017cycia i w\u0142a\u015bcicielka dusz oddzielonych od cia\u0142, oraz Xochiquetzal, bogini rado\u015bci i mi\u0142o\u015bci, \u017cona Tl\u00e1loca, przybyli i przekazali ludowi Toltek\u00f3w swoj\u0105 wiedz\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Quetzalcoatl podarowa\u0142 tak\u017ce ro\u015blin\u0119, kt\u00f3r\u0105 ukrad\u0142 bogom, kt\u00f3rzy zazdro\u015bnie jej strzegli. By\u0142 to ma\u0142y krzew o czerwonych kwiatach i ciemnych owocach, z kt\u00f3rego bogowie przygotowywali nap\u00f3j ekskluzywny dla bog\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f3g zasadzi\u0142 ma\u0142y krzew na polach Tuli i poprosi\u0142 Tl\u00e1loca, aby nakarmi\u0142 go deszczem, a Xochiquetzal, aby ozdobi\u0142 go kwiatami. Drzewo wyda\u0142o owoce, a Quetzalcoatl zebra\u0142 str\u0105ki, upiek\u0142 owoce i nauczy\u0142 kobiety je mieli\u0107 i miesza\u0107 z wod\u0105, aby stworzy\u0107 boski nap\u00f3j.<\/p>\n<p>Wed\u0142ug legendy Toltekowie mieli cztery rodzaje kakao: cauhcacahuatl, mecacahuatl i xochicacahuatl by\u0142y odmianami u\u017cywanymi jako waluta, a tlalcacahuatl by\u0142o tym, kt\u00f3re pra\u017cyli.<\/p>\n<p>Dzi\u0119ki tym darom Toltekowie stali si\u0119 bogatym, m\u0105drym i szcz\u0119\u015bliwym narodem. Bogowie, gdy dowiedzieli si\u0119, \u017ce ludzie pili skradziony im nap\u00f3j kakaowy, wys\u0142ali Tezcatlipok\u0119, boga nocy i ciemno\u015bci, aby odurzy\u0142 Quetzalc\u00f3atla alkoholem, aby go zawstydzi\u0107.<\/p>\n<p>Kiedy Quetzalcoatl obudzi\u0142 si\u0119 z senno\u015bci, zdecydowa\u0142 si\u0119 wyj\u015b\u0107 i korzystaj\u0105c z promienia \u015bwiat\u0142a gwiazdy wieczornej wr\u00f3ci\u0142 do swojego domu z innymi bogami, ale obieca\u0142 wr\u00f3ci\u0107.<\/p>\n\n  \n    <div class=\"row large-columns-4 medium-columns-3 small-columns-2\" >\n  <div class=\"gallery-col col\" >\n          <div class=\"col-inner\">\n            <a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Toltecas13-1024x576.jpeg\" title=\"\">            <div class=\"box has-hover gallery-box box-overlay dark\">\n              <div class=\"box-image image-cover\" style=\"padding-top:100%;\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" 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