{"id":24717,"date":"2025-01-27T12:58:04","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T12:58:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/a-planta-sagrada-nicotiana\/farmacologia-da-nicotiana\/"},"modified":"2025-01-28T16:49:04","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T16:49:04","slug":"farmacologia-da-nicotiana","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/pt-pt\/conhecimento\/a-planta-sagrada-nicotiana\/farmacologia-da-nicotiana\/","title":{"rendered":"Farmacologia da Nicotiana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Princ\u00edpios Ativos do Mapacho: Nicotina<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>O principal ingrediente ativo da planta mapacho \u00e9 a nicotina.<\/p>\n<p>A nicotina encontra-se especialmente na planta mapacho (Nicotiana tabacum e Nicotiana R\u00fastica): apresenta uma elevada concentra\u00e7\u00e3o nas suas folhas, cerca de 5% do peso da planta e 3% do peso do mapacho seco).<\/p>\n<p>A nicotina est\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m presente sob a forma marginal noutras plantas da fam\u00edlia Solanacea (2\u20137 \u00b5g\/kg); tomate, pepino, pimento e batata. Em quantidades ainda mais reduzidas, em plantas como a coliflora, o pimento verde ou o ch\u00e1 preto.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Mol\u00e9cula:<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Estrutura:<\/strong> Possui dois n\u00facleos heteroc\u00edclicos mononitrogenados: um anel pirid\u00ednico e outro anel pirrolid\u00ednico.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bioss\u00edntese:<\/strong> \u00c9 sintetizado nas zonas mais ativas das ra\u00edzes das plantas de mapacho e \u00e9 transportado pela s\u00e1lvia para as folhas verdes.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Farmacologia:<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Intera\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/strong> Os fumadores metabolizam uma variedade de subst\u00e2ncias mais rapidamente do que os n\u00e3o fumadores. Os medicamentos afetados incluem teofilina, propranolol, fenacetina, atenolol, nifedipina, imipramina, benzodiazepinas, cafe\u00edna e opi\u00f3ides.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Depend\u00eancia:<\/strong> A nicotina \u00e9 uma das subst\u00e2ncias psicoativas mais viciantes que existem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstin\u00eancia:<\/strong> Podem observar-se desejos, ansiedade, irritabilidade, dificuldade de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o, ansiedade, dor de cabe\u00e7a, depress\u00e3o, tens\u00e3o, aumento do apetite, tosse, ins\u00f3nia e sonol\u00eancia.<\/p>\n<p>Pensamentos psicologicamente reprimidos, por exemplo, os consumidores com antecedentes de depress\u00e3o, podem apresentar depress\u00e3o com a abstin\u00eancia.<\/p>\n<p>Sinais e sintomas de abstin\u00eancia do tabaco, Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:289-294.<\/p>\n<h1 align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #555555; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;\"><\/p>\n\t<div id=\"gap-620198740\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-620198740 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-858403703\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-530068867\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1111871994\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-molecula-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1111871994 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1031933720\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_252272440\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Flor-del-mapacho2-3-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_252272440 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-947347338\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-947347338 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Efeitos:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Sobre o sistema nervoso central:<\/strong> Produz estimula\u00e7\u00e3o central. A maioria dos efeitos comportamentais da nicotina s\u00e3o produzidos pela ativa\u00e7\u00e3o dos recetores da nicotina no SNC.<\/p>\n<p>Estimula o estado de alerta, a vigil\u00e2ncia e o desempenho cognitivo (doses baixas).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A n\u00edvel cerebral:<\/strong> Atua na pr\u00e9-sinapse e aumenta a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o de neurotransmissores como a acetilcolina, dopamina, norepinefrina e serotonina.<\/p>\n<p>Tabagismo: a necessidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o dos profissionais de sa\u00fade. 1988<\/p>\n<p>Farmacologia da nicotina. Centro de Confer\u00eancias Natcher, Institutos Nacionais de Sa\u00fade; 1998<\/p>\n<p><strong>No sistema l\u00edmbico:<\/strong> Tem um efeito de recompensa no sistema l\u00edmbico, mediado pela via neuronal da placenta (doses elevadas).<\/p>\n<p><strong>No aparelho cardiovascular:<\/strong> vasoconstri\u00e7\u00e3o perif\u00e9rica, taquicardia e hipertens\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Tanto nos fumadores como nos n\u00e3o fumadores, a administra\u00e7\u00e3o de nicotina produz um aumento significativo da press\u00e3o arterial sist\u00f3lica e diast\u00f3lica e da frequ\u00eancia card\u00edaca. Ocorre tamb\u00e9m um aumento do n\u00famero de leuc\u00f3citos, placas, fibr\u00edngeno e hemat\u00f3crito, levando ao aumento da coagula\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Farmacologia da nicotina. Ir. Jaddict 1989; 84:477-492.<\/p>\n<p>Sensibilidade plaquet\u00e1ria \u00e0 prostaciclina em fumadores e n\u00e3o fumadores. Peito 1986; 90:34-38<\/p>\n<p>Fumar provoca um aumento das concentra\u00e7\u00f5es plasm\u00e1ticas de v\u00e1rias hormonas, hormona adenocorticotr\u00f3fica (ACTH), cortisol, hormona do crescimento (GH), prolactina e vasopressina.<\/p>\n<p>A ativa\u00e7\u00e3o da gl\u00e2ndula suprarrenal liberta norepinefrina e adrenalina<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1429496851\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-105461395\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_54379786\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho7-2-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_54379786 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2101138386\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1260400225\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-dibujos-de-rape1-1-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1260400225 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">MECANISMO DE AC\u00c7\u00c3O:<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Receptores:<\/strong> A nicotina produz excita\u00e7\u00e3o neuronal ao provocar a abertura de receptores colin\u00e9rgicos nicot\u00ednicos, aos quais se liga seletivamente.<\/p>\n<p>Liga-se seletivamente aos <strong>recetores colin\u00e9rgicos<\/strong> <strong>nicot\u00ednicos<\/strong>, apresentando inicialmente uma a\u00e7\u00e3o ativadora e posteriormente uma a\u00e7\u00e3o bloqueadora.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>PASSAGEM DE MEMBRANA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Defumado:<\/strong> A passagem atrav\u00e9s da membrana depende do equil\u00edbrio entre as formas ionizadas e n\u00e3o ionizadas da nicotina, que depende do pH do meio.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Quando o meio \u00e9 <strong>b\u00e1sico<\/strong>, a nicotina tende a ser <strong>n\u00e3o ionizada<\/strong>, lipossol\u00favel e atravessa facilmente as membranas biol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<p>No fumo dos charutos e cachimbos, que s\u00e3o alcalinos, a nicotina \u00e9 mais absorvida pela cavidade orofar\u00edngea, sem necessidade de engolir o fumo.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Quando o meio \u00e9 <strong>\u00e1cido<\/strong>, a nicotina tende a ficar <strong>ionizada<\/strong> e tem dificuldade em atravessar as membranas biol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<p>O fumo do cigarro, que \u00e9 mais \u00e1cido, deve ser inalado, sendo a nicotina absorvida principalmente nos pulm\u00f5es, devido ao seu pH mais alcalino.<\/p>\n<p>Quanto mais r\u00e1pida for a absor\u00e7\u00e3o de uma subst\u00e2ncia, maiores ser\u00e3o os n\u00edveis plasm\u00e1ticos atingidos e mais r\u00e1pido ser\u00e1 o seu decl\u00ednio.<\/p>\n<p>Devido \u00e0 taxa de absor\u00e7\u00e3o mais r\u00e1pida, os cigarros atingem picos de nicotina mais altos e mais curtos do que os charutos e os cachimbos.<\/p>\n<p>A capacidade viciante de uma subst\u00e2ncia depende diretamente da rapidez com que as suas a\u00e7\u00f5es centrais ocorrem e de qu\u00e3o intensas s\u00e3o. Por esta raz\u00e3o, a inala\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um modo particularmente aditivo de administra\u00e7\u00e3o de uma subst\u00e2ncia.<\/p>\n<p><em>Armitage AK,Turner DM. Absorption of nicotine in cigarette and cigar smoke through the oral mucosa. Nature,1970\u00a01231-1232<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><em><span lang=\"EN-US\">Pharmacology aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. <\/span><\/em><em>N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1.318-1.330<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><em><span lang=\"EN-US\">Review of the evidence that pH ia a determinant of nicotine dosage from oral use of smokeless tobacco.Tob Control 1997; 6:219-225<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-230139363\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2034848644\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1879897546\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-toma-de-rape3-1-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1879897546 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-909243729\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1903914374\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2-247x160.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/R-Planta-del-mapacho2-2-510x331.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1903914374 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VIA ORAL:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As prepara\u00e7\u00f5es orais e mastig\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bpassam por uma primeira passagem pelo f\u00edgado, concentra\u00e7\u00f5es mais baixas de nicotina chegam \u00e0 circula\u00e7\u00e3o sist\u00e9mica e, em parte, por esse motivo, t\u00eam menor pot\u00eancia viciante.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uma vez no organismo, a nicotina \u00e9 rapidamente distribu\u00edda para o sangue e para os tecidos, uma vez que no pH sangu\u00edneo atravessa facilmente as membranas celulares. Devido \u00e0 sua elevada lipossolubilidade, atravessa a barreira hematoencef\u00e1lica.<\/p>\n<p>Ap\u00f3s fumar um cigarro durante cerca de dez minutos, a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o plasm\u00e1tica m\u00e1xima de nicotina aumenta para cerca de 25-45 ng\/ml.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diferen\u00e7a arteriovenal:<\/strong> os n\u00edveis arteriais s\u00e3o seis a dez vezes superiores aos n\u00edveis venosos.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Os n\u00edveis de nicotina s\u00e3o geralmente mais elevados ao final do dia devido \u00e0 acumula\u00e7\u00e3o ap\u00f3s v\u00e1rias horas de fumo regular.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; A ingest\u00e3o de alimentos provoca um aumento do fluxo sangu\u00edneo hep\u00e1tico e uma consequente maior depura\u00e7\u00e3o da nicotina, o que explicaria a urg\u00eancia com que alguns consumidores t\u00eam em fumar ap\u00f3s as refei\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<p><em>Variables affecting nicotine metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 60:461-500<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meia-vida:<\/strong> Os n\u00edveis s\u00e3o reduzidos para metade em cerca de duas horas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mmetaboliza\u00e7\u00e3o Hep\u00e1tica:<\/strong> A nicotina \u00e9 metabolizada principalmente no f\u00edgado, atrav\u00e9s do grupo de enzimas do citocromo P450 (CIP) (que elimina as subst\u00e2ncias que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o sintetizadas pelo pr\u00f3prio organismo), que a converte em cotinina, que \u00e9 eliminada pela urina.<\/p>\n<p>A cotinina interage tamb\u00e9m com o recetor nicot\u00ednico, contribuindo potencialmente para os efeitos neurofarmacol\u00f3gicos da nicotina. Os n\u00edveis de cotinina s\u00e3o cerca de dez a quinze vezes superiores aos de nicotina porque tem uma semi-vida mais longa, de cerca de 20 horas.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cCotinine, the major brain metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors\u2026\u201d J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;\u00a0288:905-911<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Nos humanos, 70 a 80% da nicotina \u00e9 metabolizada pelo CYP2A6, do qual foram identificadas tr\u00eas variantes: o CYP2A6*1 normal e outras duas associadas \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o da atividade da enzima. A presen\u00e7a de variantes anormais entre fumadores \u00e9 menos frequente do que entre n\u00e3o fumadores. As pessoas com variantes anormais fumam menos cigarros por dia e t\u00eam mais sucesso a deixar de fumar.<\/p>\n<p>A common genetic defect in nicotine metamolism decreases smoking.Natcher Conference\u00a0<em>Center National Institutes of Health; 1998.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Metaboliza\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar:<\/strong> Uma frac\u00e7\u00e3o da nicotina inalada \u00e9 metabolizada pelo pulm\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p><em><span lang=\"EN-US\">Turner DM,Armitage AK,Briant RH,Dollery CT. <\/span><\/em><em>Metabolism of nicotine by the isolated perfused dog lung.\u00a0Xenobiotica, 5 (1975).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> A nicotina \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m excretada no leite das mulheres que fumam durante a lacta\u00e7\u00e3o. O leite de fumadores inveterados pode conter 0,5 mg por litro.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row align-bottom\"  id=\"row-45785643\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-376567405\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1871835931\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sinchisinchi.com\/es\/conocimiento\/rape-significado\/documentales-rape\/\" class=\"button primary is-underline reveal-icon expand\" >\n\t\t<span>v\u00eddeos de mapacho<\/span>\n\t<i class=\"icon-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1520062835\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24719,"parent":24699,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24717","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Farmacologia da Nicotiana: A Mol\u00e9cula da Nicotina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Possui dois n\u00facleos heteroc\u00edclicos mononitrogenados: um anel pirid\u00ednico e um anel pirrolid\u00ednico. 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